– All models of this "M-line" (comprising among others the Norwegian Enigma N and the "Sonder-Enigma" used by the Military Office) were also equipped with a plugboard.Īside from the military line, a commercial line of Enigmas was established and successfully marketed to businesses and for export. The latter used the more advanced M4, with an additional settable (non-rotating) wheel, called Greek wheel, in combination with a thinner reflector – a setup that in default configuration was "backward compatible" to the I/M3. They were used by the German Army including, in the case of the M3, the Navy with the exception of the submarine fleet.
The best-known models today are Enigmas I ("Service Enigma"), M3 ("Naval Enigma"), M4 ("Shark") and G ("Abwehr Enigma").Įnigmas I and M3 had three rotor wheels, and fixed entry wheel (ETW) and reflector (RFL / German: UKW). An "Enigma family tree" can be found in the Links section. Even within a model line there were sometimes variants with altered specifiations. There was a variety of Enigma models available for civilian and military use, as well as for export. The symmetrized signal path and the resulting symmetric encryption however make it possible to decipher a message using the same machine setting it was encrypted with. A letter was therefore never encoded to itself, which would prove to be Enigma's most serious weakness. From there it is sent back on a different path – but with all rotor positions still the same – through the rotors, the entry wheel and again the plugboard until it reaches the lampboard where it lights the bulb corresponding to the substitute letter. With every keystroke, the signal is routed first through the plugboard (if present), then through the fixed entry wheel and the rotor set, arriving at the reflector wheel. Signal routingĮnigmas are equipped with a typewriter-like keyboard for input, while output is shown on a lampboard that in its layout resembles the keyboard. The Uhr thus acted on the stecker I/Os very much like a settable but non-rotating cipher wheel. The latter allowed for the stecker connections' in- and outputs to be scrambled in complex, non-reciprocal patterns. Towards the end of WWII, a special rewirable reflector wheel ( UKW-D) was introduced, as was an external device called Enigma-Uhr, or Stecker-Uhr. In some models, pairs of letters can be additionally swapped by interconnecting plugs ("stecker") on a plugboard via cables. Furthermore, the inner wiring as a whole can be rotated against the outer position indicator ring and, more importantly, against the trigger notches (this is known as "ring setting").
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By combining and rotating the wheels, however, a very complex substitution code is obtained. Inside a wheel each letter position is biuniquely rendered to another position through a fixed set of wires. The wheels advance stepwise with every keystroke, thereby triggering, in some positions, the adjacent wheel to the left to perform a step as well, pretty much as in a mechanical counter. This means the letter substitution scheme is not fixed but changes with the propagation of Enigma's rotating ciphering wheels and thus, with the letter's position in a text. Modus operandiĮnigma operates as a rotor machine to achieve polyalphabetic substitution. The successful reverse engineering of the machine in Poland and the codebreaking efforts at Bletchley Park (UK) involving thousands of people, among them several ingenious mathematicians, have become legend. It was used to a great extent by Germany during World War II.
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The Enigma is probably the most famous electromechanical encryption device (or rather, series of devices).
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